1.
Function
a. #
Can :
·
To
describe the possibility that something can happen.
·
To
express or ask for permission to do something.
·
To
issue requests and offers.
·
To
express a person or thing’s ability to do something.
# Could :
·
Instead
of can as a more polite way of making a request or asking for permission.
·
Indicating
what someone or something was able to do in the past.
·
For
making a suggestion or offer.
·
To
express a slight or uncertain possibility.
b. #
May :
·
To request, grant, or
describe permission
·
To politely offer to
do something for someone
·
To express the
possibility of something happening or occurring
·
To express a wish or
desire that something will be the case in the future
·
Rhetorical device to
express or introduce an opinion or sentiment about something
#
Might :
·
The
past-tense form of may when asking permission in reported speech.
·
To
suggest an action, or to introduce two differing possibilities.
·
To
express an unlikely or uncertain possibility.
·
Acts
as a very formal and polite way to ask for permission.
c.
Must :
·
To express necessity.
·
To emphasize
something positive that you believe someone should do.
·
To rhetorically
introduce or emphasize an opinion or sentiment.
·
To indicate that
something is certain or very likely to happen or be true.
d.
# Will :
·
To complete
conditional sentences.
·
To express likelihood
in the immediate present.
·
To issue commands.
·
To express
willingness or ability.
·
To make requests
or offers.
# Would :
·
To create more formal
or polite sentences.
·
To express requests
and preferences.
·
To describe
hypothetical situations.
·
To politely offer
or ask for advice or an opinion.
e. #
Shall :
·
To
complete conditional sentences, or to issue maxims or commands.
·
To
form future tenses.
·
To
make requests or offers.
#
Should :
·
To describe an
expectation.
·
To create conditional
sentences.
·
To express surprise.
·
To politely express
obligations or duties.
·
To ask for or issue
advice, suggestions, and recommendations.
2. Differences
a. Can - Could : Could, of course,
functions as the past tense of can, and like other past forms, it sometimes
simply indicates past time: In those days there was no security and anybody
could walk in, day or night. But, like the past forms of other verbs, it can
also indicate things like tentativeness, indirectness, deference and a wish not
to impose.
b. May – Might : Right away we notice that might deals with situations that
are speculative or did not actually happen, i.e. hypothetical, whereas may
deals with situations that are possible or could be factual. An easy way to
express/remember this difference is that might suggests a lower probability
than does may. If something is very far-fetched, you probably want to use
might. You could say might is for things that are mighty far-fetched. The
second distinction, which is the more important of the two, between these two
words is that might is the past tense of may.
c. Must - Have to : A key distinction between must and
have to can be found in the negative forms. Whereas You must go and You have to
go can be regarded as broadly the same in terms of meaning, You mustn’t go and
you don’t have to go are quite different, the first indicating that going is
prohibited in some way, or even dangerous, while the second implies an absence
of obligation or need.
d. Will – Would : When we use “will”, it
indicates an intention to do something in a situation that is really possible
or likely to happen. However, when we use “would”, it indicates an intention to
do something in a situation that is only in our imagination or that is very
unlikely to happen.
e. Shall - Should : Should on the other
hand is commonly considered as a past tense of ‘shall’; however it does not
always act as such. ‘Should’ being a modal verb, changes usage depending on the
context. A modal verb gives more information about the function of the main
verb that it governs.
3.
Examples
a. Can and Could
1.
It
can be very hot in the dry season.
2.
My father couldn’t
pick me up yesterday.
3.
It’s
ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.
4. If we don’t hurry we could be late.
b. May and Might
1. My mother might visit the botanical gardens during her
holiday
2. Your fathers’ phone might
be in my living room.
3. She may be chosen as leader.
4. Salman may leave here alone.
c. Must and Have to/Had to
1.
You
must use the umbrella to go to school because it was rainy.
2.
Willy
must invite her parents in Lampung.
3.
I have to
finish my articles because the deadline is coming.
4. We have
to eat this meal or my mother will
be angry.
d. Will and Would
1.
I
will be in Melbourne next week.
2.
I
think I will be at work tomorrow.
3.
I said
I would do it today, but I’m not feeling wel.
4.
Would
you pick that up please?
e. Shall and Should
1. we shall play this game together.
2. I shall wash this plate before my mom
be angry.
3. you should take a medicine everyday.
4. I should do this task with you.
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